Few inventions have improved public health, comfort, and daily life more than the modern toilet. From ancient flushing systems to today’s high-efficiency toilets, the basic toilet design has stood the test of time—with some important improvements along the way.
Was the Toilet Invented by Sir John Crapper?
Urban legend often credits the invention of the toilet to Sir John Crapper, which is supposedly why we refer to it as “the John” — or, for those less refined, “the crapper.” The truth is a little more interesting. There was no Sir John Crapper, but there was a Sir John, and there was a Crapper, both of whom played important roles in the development and improvement of the modern toilet.
Early Flushing Toilets: 5,000 Years of Innovation
Archaeological evidence shows that flushing toilets existed over 5,000 years ago, using a continuous stream of water to remove waste. These early systems laid the groundwork for what would eventually become indoor plumbing.
The first recognizable modern flush toilet was invented in 1596 by Sir John Harington. His design used approximately 7.5 gallons per flush and was famously installed for Queen Elizabeth I at Richmond Palace.
The S-Trap: The Most Important Toilet Innovation
In 1775, Alexander Cumming patented the first flush toilet design that included the S-shaped trap beneath the bowl. This trap holds water, creating a seal that prevents sewer gases from entering the home—a feature still used in modern toilets today.
If your bathroom doesn’t smell like the sewer, you can thank Alexander Cumming.
Thomas Crapper and the Birth of the Modern Toilet
In the late 1800s, Thomas Crapper manufactured one of the first widely successful flush toilets. While he didn’t invent the toilet itself, he held some important plumbing patents, including improvements to:
- The ballcock (the mechanism that refills the toilet tank)
- The trap system beneath the bowl
These components are still fundamental to modern toilet operation.
How Today’s Toilets Still Use 18th-Century Design
Despite modern materials and efficiency upgrades, today’s toilets still rely on the same core principles:
- The S-trap developed in 1775
- The ballcock fill system refined in the 1800s
What has changed significantly is water usage per flush.
Toilet Water Usage: From 7.5 Gallons to 1.2 GPF
Over time, toilet efficiency has improved dramatically:
- 1596: ~7.5 gallons per flush
- 1930s: ~5 gallons per flush
- 1970s: ~3.5 gallons per flush
- 1994: Federal law limits toilets to 1.6 gallons per flush
- Today: High-efficiency toilets use as little as 1.2 gallons per flush
The Energy Policy Act of 1992, which took effect in 1994, permanently changed toilet manufacturing standards in the United States.
Do Low-Flow Toilets Really Work?
Many homeowners remember the early days of 1.6 GPF toilets and their frequent double-flushes. Fortunately, modern toilets have come a long way.
One major improvement is a larger trapway, which allows waste to pass more efficiently while reducing clogs. As a plumber who makes a living clearing plugged toilets, I can confidently say this is a welcome improvement.
When Should You Replace Your Toilet?
No matter what type of toilet you have, it may be time for a repair or an upgrade if:
- Your toilet runs constantly
- It uses too much water
- It’s too low or uncomfortable
- It clogs frequently
- You want a more efficient or modern design
At Mike Bachman Plumbing, we install and service a full range of modern, high-efficiency toilets. Whether you need a repair, replacement, or advice on the best toilet for your home, we’re here to help.
Vic Bachman
Mike Bachman Plumbing